Power Struggles and the Strong Woman

Katherine Hui RAYMOND WATERS CWL320 30 November 2011 POWER STRUGGLES AND THE STRONG WOMAN â€Å"Morning Glory†, coordinated by Roger Mitchell, is a lighthearted comedy and a reification of morning TV. It is vigorously covered in a recipe base plot †the female hero is confronted with impediments in which she should defeat to demonstrate her value to the individuals who have questioned her wrong; while at the same time adjusting her affection intrigue. One of the most noticeable models in satire is the resilient lady prime example. The tough lady assumes an extraordinary job depicting power battles, particularly in the workplace.Becky Fuller, 28, is a high-vitality and wide-peered toward collaborator maker. She rapidly turns into an agreeable character in which the crowd can't resist the opportunity to pull for. Through her battles with seeking after her fantasies about turning into an official maker at the Today Show, Becky winds up employed to revive a morning appear in s trife. All through the film she encounters battles with herself, her system, and the male alazon †Mike Pomeroy, a previous reporter acclaimed for his involvement with covering â€Å"real† news.There is an equal development between all the characters in the film just as the morning show itself. The film starts with a date, outwardly confining Becky’s evident social clumsiness and her obvious devotion to work. Due to her activity in early morning news, the crowd sees her on a â€Å"3p. m. dinner† date with an advertising official, whose activity includes into the incongruity of the team. Becky is tied to her telephone and incapable to discuss something besides her work. She staggers over her words and goes about as though she were as yet a pubescent young person on her first date.The showcasing official promptly understands her ungainliness and inadequacy to expel herself from her activity and rapidly requests the check. Here the crowd identifies for Becky, s eeing her battle in attempting to satisfy one of life’s fundamental needs: friendship. The date is trailed by a montage of her every day schedule in which we see Becky in her usual range of familiarity; in unlimited oversight of what she is enthusiastic about: work. The crowd sees the balance between her devotion with work and battles ith men; and can feel a feeling of reverence and regard for the character. In spite of the fact that she needs having the option to make social associations she compensates for in her dedication to her work. Becky is a profoundly committed to her position at Good Morning New Jersey. She is the â€Å"first one in, last one out and discovers a shitload more about news than someone’s whose daddy paid them to smoke bongs and talk semiotics at Harvard. † Becky is warned that she would be elevated to official maker, something that she has sought after since she was 18.Instead she is laid off and eagerly supplanted by a male who has more involvement in instruction from Harvard. This is a steady battle in the public arena today; ladies are misjudged and handily supplanted in the work place. The resilient ladies prime example serves to refute society through the comic soul subject. Albeit Becky is reliably confronted with others question in her †including her own mom †she drives forward through the antagonism as the resilient lady and is given the open door as an official maker on Daybreak, a â€Å"perpetually fourth evaluated morning show† at IBS.On Becky’s first day she is now defied with various intricacies: her boss’s absence of confidence, the show’s low assurance, and its semi-gifted staff. Rapidly she demonstrates that she forces the sort of emphaticness and passionate mentality that Daybreak urgently needs, settling on the official choice to fire a long running co-grapple Paul McVee, the embodiment of the vanity and one of the primary purposes behind the show’s low assurance. Becky again faces another test: finding the ideal substitution. Daybreak’s low spending powers Becky to locate a flighty method to recruit another anchor.Through her mind and capacity to think and react quickly she finds an escape clause in one of IBS’s contracted and resigned commentators. Mike Pomeroy, the big talker male, is an incredibly famous and regarded TV columnist. His assessment of morning TV is a long way from low and is profoundly hesitant in having to co-stay Daybreak, at long last he is compelled to acknowledge the situation because of his 6,000,000 dollar contract with IBS. Pomeroy will not cover anything â€Å"un-newsworthy† and turns into a consistent battle in Becky’s exertion to improve the show.Pomeroy dismisses all of Becky’s demands, in any event, becoming inebriated before his first day at work, further passing on his job as the boaster male. Becky withstands whatever Pomeroy tosses at her, resembling her solidari ty to his experience. Pomeroy thinks about morning amusement to a useless sweet â€Å"donut†, in which Becky counters by contrasting hard news with an exhausting â€Å"bran biscuit. † Both characters at last come to compromise when they work together on their first breaking report, covering the live capture of New Jersey’s representative on charges of racketeering.Becky is thrilled and looks at their discovery to a â€Å"bran doughnut. † She is confronted with one more test: improving Daybreaks appraisals or confronting wiping out. One test that TV faces today is the nature of amusement. Regularly time’s appraisals depend on discussion and mainstream society and the imbecilic ing down of data to assuage the business crowd. Becky completely comprehends what watchers need and neglects this issue, totally giving herself into doing completely anything to expand ratings.Through the tough lady prime example Becky shows that she has an unmistakable vision and demonstrates to her colleagues that she has a solid technique and capacity to meet the crowds needs. Her devotion rally’s spirit and like Lysistrata she can convince her team to be similarly as submitted as she seems to be. Becky performs wonders, presenting new fragments and making a huge difference from the climate communicate to their meetings. This movement is farced paced, resembling the show’s expanding success.As Daybreak’s evaluations go up they’re ready to access progressively acclaimed VIPs, which thusly builds appraisals significantly more. The show’s limit accompanies Becky’s and Pomeroy’s â€Å"bran donut,† implying her accomplishment at Daybreak and her capacity to conquer the tribulations of the male alazon through her solid will and diligence. All through the plot Becky turns out to be impractically associated with Adam Bennett, another maker at IBS. In spite of the fact that â€Å"Morning Glory† is a lighthearted comedy, it contacts softly on Becky’s relationship with Adam, concentrating more on her trades with Pomeroy.Expectantly, Becky battles with expelling herself from work while attempting to construct a relationship with her affection intrigue. Her devotion to work is her Achilles’ mend just as her matchless quality. Adam can disregard her ungainliness, even to the point reverence. The show’s victories and ruins corresponding with Becky’s development in her capacity to continue a relationship. Towards the finish of the film, as with every single lighthearted comedy, she is at long last ready to disregard her fixations and prevail with regards to conquering her handicap to make a sentimental connection.The comic soul looks to display quality in the individuals who merit an opportunity to show significance; the individuals who are ignored by society’s measures. In â€Å"Morning Glory,† Becky’ Fuller’s suffering qualit y, compelling assurance, and self-conviction rises above past any high profiled work understanding or degree from Harvard. Daybreak’s development matches with Becky’s relationship with Mike Pomeroy too the crew’s resolve. Becky is a prime case of the resilient lady original and she triumphs over her internal battles just as battles with the higher powers of society.

Discuss official statistics with regard to how useful Essay

Contingent upon whether the humanist is a positivist or an interpretivist, official insights might be useless. Positivists consider authority to be as important wellsprings of quantitative data that can be utilized to examine circumstances and logical results connections, similar to Durkheim did when researching self destruction. As indicated by positivists, official measurements are hard, social realities that are isolated from an individual, yet influence their conduct. Most positivists acknowledge the legitimacy and unwavering quality of legitimate measurements. An interpretivist doesn't accept a similar view as a positivist. They accept that they are not estimations of realities, and are fairly social developments made by the implications individuals connect to conduct. Police may join implications to murder or robberies and it is the activity of a humanist to see how those implications are built. Marxists take one more view. They accept that official insights are instruments made by the bourgeoisie to implement their belief system onto the working class. These devices can be utilized to cover the genuine disparities of society and free enterprise. They will observe Conservative governments exchanging the techniques use to quantify joblessness more than multiple times, much of the time bringing about a fall in joblessness. Utilizing official insights is useful for the humanist as they cost next to no to utilize while being promptly accessible. Tests are additionally enormous and the evaluation includes the whole populace; while ordinarily tests this huge wouild be outside a sociologist’s financial plan, measurements can be utilized to get a huge example without costing the humanist much. On the off chance that numerous official insights are gathered after some time, they can be utilized to build up connections and patterns after some time. Impacts of enactment and bills can likewise be estimated through these huge scope studies. As measurements, for example, the enumeration are required to be taken in each EU part state, universal correlations can be made. As a general rule, these measurements are the main information accessible. Be that as it may, these measurements are regularly gathered for regulatory and beaurocratic reasons, not sociological reasons and hence, orders made by governments may not be appropriate for sociological reasons. As these are created by the state, they might be one-sided to support a specific government to reflect accomplishment of approaches. A few information might be kept away from and center around the awful as opposed to the great, for example, discussing social scroungez s as opposed to discussing the quantity of non-homes. As said previously, interpretivists contend that official measurements are not realities, but instead social developments â€Å"The police make crime† is a view taken by some as it is at last dependent upon them to capture individuals and make the insights. In the event that a decent, good working class individual is halted for speeding, the police may not capture the individual and let them off with a notice. In the event that an occurrence is excessively little or paltry, it does not merit the effot of capturing somebody. Assault cases additionally go un-detailed as ladies may think that its hard to admit to the disgrace and mortification of possessing to it to a policeperson. In the event that wrongdoing benefits the two gatherings, for instance, extortion or medications exchange, this is probably not going to announced by either party. Official measurements are helpful for the individuals who have no issue with their utilization and sociologists whose spending plans perhaps constrained. They have advantages, for example, being made promptly accessible, and being modest and in the open space, yet they can be liable to predisposition (how to arrange jobless individuals changed multiple times in the eighties, with the number falling each time) and groupings for use with governments may have been objectionalised contrastingly to how a humanist would do as such.

The Rapid Growth Of The World Populations Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The fast developing of the universe populace prompts vitality request on an ascent especially in creating states. In add-on, because of the restricted capacity to give of non-sustainable there are a figure of massive difficulties that are presented to the number of inhabitants known to mankind. This situation prompts the risk of consumption of reasonable dodo vitality and natural contamination each piece great as clime change. We will compose a custom paper test on The Rapid Growth Of The World Populations Environmental Sciences Essay or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Fitting to Loir, there will probably be adequate oil and gas during the current century, and coal for at least 2 ( Loir.N 2007, p.843 ) . Or then again Edwin Cartlidge reports â€Å" the one-year whole ingestion of vitality beginnings by the universe populace is about 1.4ãâ€"1017 kWh, of which the extent of the dodo vitality has represented 90 % of the vitality beginnings utilized † ( Physics World 7/2007 ) . In this way, investigate laborers around the universe have been perpetually looking to happen answers for differentiate vitality beginnings and chop down destructive transmissions and nursery spreads into nature and sustainable power source beginnings have taken the spotlight. Along these lines, what is the sustainable power source? The Oxford Dictionary ( ) characterizes sustainable power source as characteristic vitality that can be utilized again and again and will ne’er run out. There are four significant kinds of sustainable power source: sun oriented, hydro, air present and geothermic vitality. This paper will talk focal points and burdens that sustainable power source asset ( RES ) brings, each piece great as examination the significance of RES to the universe ‘s from this point forward. 2. Conversation of discoveries 2.1 Advantages of sustainable power source assets ( RES ) The use of sustainable power source has numerous potential advantages, including human presences and condition. Initial, one of the most importantA favorable circumstances of inexhaustible energyA is that it is sustainable. Portion of RES is induction from normal methodology so the vitality is feasible and ne’er run out. Really, sustainable power source is genuinely of import and important to human presences when dodo energizes are increasingly more canine tired. With the interminable flexibly of renewables, we would encounter secure when holding plenteous gracefully of vitality to last our planet, our human race and our financial frameworks, for coevalss and ever. Khemani ( 2011 ) says: â€Å" Equally long as human life is at that place, there will be earth, Sun, air current and H2O, and the vitality from these beginnings will other than be accessible each piece long as they are at that place † . With the bounty from numerous inexhaustible assets and improvement of logical control and designing, he emphatically accepts that sustainable power source can run into the universe â₠¬Ëœs vitality requests today and tomorrow. Second, another advantage of sustainable power source engineerings is that capacity of providing a stage of certainty of proceeded with power flexibly now and again when it in any case may be undermined. In certain fortunes, sustainable power source engineerings can be more trustworthy than different signifiers of power. For delineation, sun powered power frameworks can be utilized after tempests for reaction and recuperation. Sustainable power source engineerings, for example, generators fueled by photovoltaics ( PV ) can give power if the framework comes up short. Regularly the Sun turns out in the prompt wake of a demolishing storm. It can take hebdomads to retouch the power matrix and remake capacity to all customers. On the off chance that battery stockpiling is added to the framework, it can give power much after the Sun goes down or through a few shady or turbulent yearss. Vitality is expected to gracefully lighting, warming, cooling, cookery, movement and toA powerA all the engineerings in the family spot or concern premises ( Parker 2010 ) Moreover, sustainable power source non just is viewed as a boundless asset however adjacent to plays an of import capacity to local turn of events. Sustainable power source and vitality proficiency can help recover rustic networks. For delineation, Wind turbines and sun oriented board frameworks can flexibly vitality and gracefully country networks with new income improvement net. Ranchers on blowy grounds can lease unending to weave designers, increasing 1000s of dollars for every turbine each twelvemonth. One of the best interchange vitality benefits is that it is such a great amount of preferred for condition over the use ofA dodo fills that add, as it were, to issues, for example, acerb downpour, exhaust cloud and planetary warming. Actually, sustainable power source has almost no waste stocks, for example, C dioxide or other compound contaminations. Sustainable power source frameworks produce a lot of lower C dioxide transmissions rather than carbon-serious non-renewable energy sources, for example, oil, coal and petroleum gas while they are being utilized just a little entirety of fuel during the manufacture of hardware ( Walser 2012 ) . With sustainable power sources, vitality is regularly changed over starting with one signifier then onto the next without the inventive action of poisons. Chandler ( 2006 ) accepts sun oriented vitality as representation, light vitality from the Sun can be changed over directly to power using photovoltaic without the creation of any poisons like C dioxide or other nursery gasses. So also, air flow power vitality depends on voyaging air and changes over it into power without fouling the earth. In this manner, clearly the non-contamination or least effects on condition are the positive focal points of sustainable power source. 2.2 Disadvantages of sustainable power source assets ( RES ) In spite of the fact that it is clear to recognize the homo each piece great as natural points of interest of utilizing inexhaustible signifiers of vitality, we should other than observe some limiting sides from the vitality. The greatest hindrance of sustainable power source is that the expense of the vitality is similarly higher than non-sustainable power source. The underlying expenses of sustainable power source despite everything do numerous individuals overlook it completely when contrasting it and petroleum product on two aspects: whole expense and over a similar clasp period. For outline, introducing of sun powered vitality H2O hotter costs commonly in contrasting and a hotter, so they chose to buy warmers for sweltering H2O arrangement. Fitting Global Wind Energy Council ( GWEC ) ( 2008 ) detailed that turbine introducing costs $ 47.5 billion ; on the other hand, we just need to pass an a lot littler total of cash to develop thermic force station about $ 2,25 billion ( Shah 2011 ) . He other than pointed that other coincidental costs, for example, care expenses and creation costs cause fiscal worth expanding. All things considered, it is money related worth that the ground has forestalled drawing nearer and using clean vitality when contrasted with the dodo fuel beginnings of vitality. Another recognizable burden is confiding in unnecessarily much on conditions and geographic areas to make vitality ( Sinclair 2011 ) . Every kind of sustainable beginnings is simply more qualified to some topographic focuses. This implies you can non use every one of these inexhaustible beginnings in all areas. For case, while using geo-warm vitality, you should be in an area that gives nature to geo-warm vitality to be delivered. Similarly, we can non deliver hydro-electric force without holding a quick streaming H2O starting, for example, a waterway or cascade. In add-on, the vitality other than brings some badly arranged employments. Take sun based vitality H2O hotter as an outline, it is wasteful in light of the fact that in summer surrounding temperature are high and the utilization of blistering H2O is non required ; in any case, in the winter we could non hold sweltering H2O because of low obvious radiation of the Sun. Shah ( 2011 ) guaranteed that â€Å" in spite of the way that most sustainable power source beginnings are all the more naturally benevolent they may at present hold a negative effect on the earth † . He expressed that hydroelectricity endeavors can do a sensational modification in the improvement of natural life and biological system along the waterway and immersion risks. 2.3 Can sustainable power source flexibly the World ‘s vitality requests? With the significant advantages from sustainable power source, we ca n’t preclude that capacities from claiming it are increasingly more of import. Fitting to Pulsinelli ( 2012 ) , in spite of the universe monetary emergency, China spent $ 52 billion on sustainable power source in 2011 and the United States was not far behind with investings of $ 51 billion. At present, sustainable power source contributes around 20 % in power devoured overall ( Perkowski 2012 ) . It is obvious that the two states, which took the caput in sustainable power source contributing, have known thoroughly out the significance of sustainable power source. Presents, by progresss and achievements of logical control and designing researchers are holding each confirmation in brilliant from now on of sustainable power source. Fitting to the investigation of TheA Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) in 2011, sustainable beginnings involved around 13 for each centum of the universe ‘s vit ality in 2008 and the extent likely to hold risen. The investigation other than demonstrate out that inside four decennaries inexhaustible energyA could represent around 80 % of the world’sA vitality flexibly. The insights are entirely showed up in the nearby from this point forward on the off chance that we join four boss exchange assets and use hydroelectric to make full in spreads, which makes simpler to fit interest. â€Å" The a large portion of import thing is to join sustainable power source beginnings into a bundle † ( refered to in BERGERON 2011 ) . Especially, in examine ( Edenhofer et al. 2011 ) shows that by 2050, geothermic vitality could run into more than 3 for every centum of planetary power request and around 5 for each centum of the planetary warmth request, hydropower will loan around 30 for every centum of overall power flexibly, air current force will go to more than 20 for every centum and sun oriented vitality gets one of the significant beginnings of vitality gracefully with around 15 for each centum. 3. Choice F

OCD displayed in the movie as good as it gets essays

OCD showed in the film at least somewhat great This was an intriguing film, which indicated a man's battle with the confusion of OCD. In the start of the film Jack Nicholsons manifestations were appeared in a way that reflected OCD side effects precisely. There were numerous indications toward the turmoil that were appeared all through the video, for example, his schedules of washing his hands and the locking of his entryways. Indeed, even the manner in which he approached his day by day schedules, for example, strolling over walkway breaks and carrying his own eating utensils to the café. He was an exceptionally remarkable character. In the event that one didn't have a clue about that he had OCD they would consider him to be an exceptionally odd kind of individual with uncommon propensities. For instance, the individuals in the café never preferred him in light of his treatment of others, the way he mannered himself and his negligence for other people. What they didnt see was his concealed character, which was an extremely min dful individual; he just didnt like imparting his inward excellence to others due to the confusion. At the point when his every day schedules were constrained into transform he began to turn into an alternate individual. The adjustments throughout his life beginning happening when his neighbor Simon was robbed, and he had to acknowledge the obligation of dealing with his pooch. He shockingly got joined to the pooch, and in the long run bridges his negative sentiments toward Simon and became companions with him. His server at the café, Carol, additionally assumed a significant job in his life. At the point when she had to remain at home and deal with her child, it upset his day by day schedule. He even went to her home because of his OCD. With this however it realized changes that would greatly affect his life. To the detriment of his distributer he recruited an individual specialist to deal with her child so Carol could continue work. From the outset Carol didn't get this and become incredibly disappointed. The entirety of the principle characters become interlaced when Melvin (Jack Nicholson) hesitantly a ... <!

Feelings towards Essay

All through this scene there are different signs about the rising strain brought about by Eddie’s emotions towards his niece †Catherine. It starts when Eddie goes up against Rodolfo about exploiting Beatrice and not approaching Eddie with deference. ‘I know, however in your own town you wouldn’t simply haul off some young lady, without permission’. Here he is featuring the absence of regard he feels that Rodolfo treats him with. He is alluding to Beatrice as ‘some girl’, which shows that in Eddie’s eyes Rodolfo doesn't consider Beatrice to be anything unique or significant. Beatrice (Eddies spouse) suspects that Eddie’s sentiments towards Catherine are un-regular and contributes all through this scene to the ascent in strain. ‘Well he didn’t precisely drag her off however, Eddie’. This would disturb Eddie, as he isn't getting any help, she is likewise saying that Catherine is autonomous and decided to go with Rodolfo which would raise pressure further. When Eddie discloses to Rodolfo that he is just her uncle, Beatrice jumps on this and counters â€Å"Well at that point, be an uncle then†. The others would fully trust this, anyway Beatrice is alluding to Eddie’s un-common fondness for Catherine, which will stun Eddie. Marco then issues a test to Eddie, requesting that he state what Rodolfo has fouled up. Eddie says that Catherine was never out in the city till twelve o’clock around evening time before Rodolfo came. Marco immediately reveals to Rodolfo that he should return home early at this point. By saying this Marco has disposed of the alleged issue, which leaves Eddie with no issue wherein he can disguise his envy. Presently that Eddie has no more issues yet has a gouged self image. He starts to make new issues, anyway he masks them with the goal that these issues are seen as worry for Rodolfo; ‘I mean guess he gets hit by a vehicle, where’s his papers, who is he, you know what I mean? ‘ Beatrice expresses that a similar hazard is produced during the day when he is grinding away. Here we see that Eddie is ‘holding back a voice loaded with anger’ practically like a vehicle firing up. This basic activity is indicating the ascent in strain because of Eddie’s issue. Eddie now withdraws to his rocker, demonstrating that he is facing a losing conflict. As Eddie is perusing his paper, ponderousness is felt in the room. Catherine responds by putting the record ‘Paper Doll’ on; the title in itself demonstrates the tune content. At that point Catherine is overwhelmed with disobedience/revolt and asks Rodolfo to move, causing Eddie to freeze and feel awkward. Rodolfo understands this and won't move anyway Beatrice and Catherine before long convince him. As Eddie consumes Rodolfo’s back he asks, â€Å"What’s this, another record? † Eddie has heard this melody ordinarily previously, anyway he is no consultation it through new ears, new desirous ears. When Marco uncovers that Rodolfo is a generally excellent cook, Eddie discovers this interesting and jokingly says, â€Å"It’s brilliant. He sings, he cooks, he could make dresses. † Thus making another burrow at Rodolfo, inferring that he has gay inclinations. Rodolfo erroneously accepts this as a commendation and grins fortunately. This is another open door for Eddie to put Rodolfo down and he says that he ought not be taking a shot at the vessels yet rather working in a dress shop. Once more he expresses it with the goal that it might be seen as a commendation. During this discourse he unknowingly winds his paper into a tight move, which gives an understanding into his fairly infuriated/angry considerations and furthermore represents the ascent in strain.

Im in Round 2! Can You Help Me Make the Top 10

Im in Round 2! Can You Help Me Make the Top 10 As I mentioned in my last entry, Change.org is running a competition thatll propel 10 ideas to the fore of the next administrations agenda. In Round 1, people came up with 7,783 ideas. Only 87 (about 1%) made it to Round 2, and the idea to Establish a Global Challenges Wikipedia to Empower Problem Solvers was among them! I owe that victory to you, and now Im counting on you to get this idea into the Top 10. Lets send a message, loud and clear, that we dont need to rely on dishonest voting tactics to win, as others in the competition have weve shown that we can win the old-fashioned way, and we can do so again. IDEA The proposed wiki would describe the following for every pressing global challenge such as climate change and weapons proliferation: [1] What successful and failed policies have been deployed to address it in the past; [2] What measures need to be taken to move forward; [3] Which international institutions, governments, businesses, NGOs, and individuals are addressing the challenge in question, and how; [4] What networks exist between these players; and [5] What coordinated steps these players can take to collaborate effectively without replicating each others efforts, wasting precious resources, and, worst of all, undermining each other in the quest to gain recognition for their work. This proposal is doubtless ambitious, and its an idea that needs to be refined and tested. If its implemented correctly, though, it could serve as a powerful tool in the fight against every global challenge. VOTING TIME LINE Start: 8:00am EST on Monday, 1/5 End: 5:00pm EST on Thursday, 1/15. VOTING INSTRUCTIONS Register at https://www.change.org/admin/sign_up. Youll receive a confirmation e-mail with a link inside; click on that link to return to Change.org as a registered user. Click on the Ideas icon in the top right-hand corner of the page. Find the Social Entrepreneurship category. Click on Establish a Global Challenges Wikipedia to Empower Problem Solvers. Click on the Vote icon in the top left-hand corner and make sure that the vote count increases by one. YOU Vote as early as you can on 1/5. Get at least 20 of your friends and family members to vote. If you want to play an even more active role in this campaign, please e-mail me so that I can give you further details. We have two weeks to reach the next administration lets make something amazing happen!

Online Sports Betting Essay - 550 Words

Online Sports Betting (Article Sample) Content: ONLINE SPORTS BETTINGA sport betting is the act of determining sports results and placing some amount on the table before the sports is played. The prediction is normally done before the game takes place. Betting can be done between individuals or group of people. The main aim of sports betting is to get a reward for determine future results of sports. Online sports betting promote sports activities. It develops interest in different sports. It is somehow termed as gambling because it all depends on luck. No one knows what will happen in the future even if you are a genius. Online sportsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ betting is widely done in various countries.Several online agencies have come-up with platforms where sports betting can take place. They have obtained licenses to conduct the business widely. Websites have been developed to allow many individuals in the whole world participate in sports betting. There are a number of commonly known sports involved in betting. These are fo otball, Golf, Tennis and Horse racing. These sports have got a lot of fans. In highly contested matches, many people put a lot of cash on the table for betting. When you bet and your preferred prediction come true, you take away the whole reward on the table.In online betting there must be a winner and loser. Sports betting involve a lot of risks. Sports betting websites can be a source entertainment to many. The risk takers find it as a source of income. It takes a lot of courage to place a bet on the table. You have to put your money at risk. Those new in the field should do a lot of research before betting. Those who access sports betting websites can get free access to m...

Difference Between Classical Conditioning And...

Distinguish general differences between principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning (e.g., contingencies) Classical conditioning is the repeated association of an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus making it into a conditioned stimulus. Classical conditioning deals with unconditioned stimulus that produces an automatic response or unlearned (UCS/US), unconditioned response that is an automatic or unlearned response that is produced by and unconditioned stimulus (UCR/UR), neutral stimulus that is a stimulus that had no response to it prior to learning (NS), conditioned stimulus that was originally the neutral stimulus but was pair frequently with the unconditioned stimulus to produce a response (CS), and conditioned response that is the response to the conditioned stimulus (CR). Acquisition is the initial stage of learning. Extinction happens when the unconditioned stimulus stops being followed by the conditioned stimulus, this will cause the response to stop occurring. Spontaneous recovery is when the reappearance, after a rest period, of the conditioned response. The recove ry will happen faster than the first time did. Generalization is the tendency for the same response to a similar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus. Discrimination is the ability to learn the difference between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli. Operant conditioning is a type of learning that is strengthened by reinforcement or weakenedShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1492 Words   |  6 Pages To expand upon the concepts of the two forms of conditioning listed above, three additional principals not previously listed for the sake of convenience are present in both forms of conditioning; these three principals-extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus discrimination-are among the number of basic principals of conditioning that are found in most forms of conditioning. To explain, Extinction refers to the process by which the steady weakening or diminishment of a conditioned responseRead MoreApplying Operant Conditioning to Human Behaviour Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesApplying Operant Conditioning to Human Behaviour Operant conditioning is when a way of learning by consequence. 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Operant Conditioning Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pages 1. a) Define Classical Conditioning and Behaviorism. b) Identify the two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a type of learning process of an individual when they come in contact with certain stimuli. According to Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, he developed several experiments on learning and he discovered that classical condition is the basic form of learning for an individual. However, according to Pavlov, behaviorismRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning929 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion 5 1. Define: Classical Conditioning is learning theory based on the assumption that the learning process occurs due to associations between an environmental stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus, as indicated in our textbook. This learning theory was developed by John Watson. He proposed that this theory is able to explain human behavior. Watson also assumed that our environment shapes our personality as a whole. His ideas were influenced by the findings of Ivan Pavlov, a RussianRead MoreEssay on My First Learning Team Experience1947 Words   |  8 PagesMy First Learning Team Experience My involvement in the Learning Team environment at the University has been a great learning experience. When we were assigned teams at the end of the first week, I did not really know what to expect. I have worked on teams numerous times in my career, both in the professional and private sectors. The teams I have worked on have always been to either produce a product or improve a process. Learning has always been a part of these teams, but I have never beenRead MoreThe Theories And Processes Of Learning2163 Words   |  9 Pagesand processes of learning †¢ A step-by-step guide of how these theories can be used to allow your pet to learn a desired behavior †¢ The effectiveness of these training methods through their strengths and limitations Classical Conditioning Definition-The learning of desired behavior through repeated association between two events which are as such the stimuli This theory of learning was founded andRead MoreThe Learning ( Or Behaviourist ) Approach1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe learning (or behaviourist) approach, at its core, is about how experience affects our behaviour and how we learn behaviours. This approach postulates that all humans are born as ‘blank slates’ and we become shaped by the environment that the person lives in. Behaviourism is concerned with the observable characteristics of humankind; their behaviour. This approach dismisses any internal workings because these workings are too subjective and difficult to observe; whereas observable behaviour canRead MoreThe social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become one of the most influential2500 Words   |  10 PagesThe social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become one of the most influential theories of learning and behaviour. The theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching ot her people. Known as social learning theory or modeling, this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. The social learning theory does not explain all learning and behaviour, it fails to account for biological and innate behaviours such

History of the Conservation Movement

The Exploration Of Feminist Theory Essay - 1536 Words

The theory focused on is the exploration of feminist theory developed by Mary Wollstonecraft in the 1790’s. The traditional interpretation of this theory is based on the common ideology of feminism within the Communication world. Illustrating gender inequality the feminist theory analysis into the social fields of politics, business, media platforms, and social normalities. Research traditions include socio-psychology and semiotics due to the cause and effect relationships that help create social standards while also the symbolic forms of media that influence how people perceive and view women. The epistemology foundation used in this theory is interpretivism. The interpretation of how society views women and how feminist view society. Formed from the perspective of a feminist standpoint researches analyze social normalities and political figures. In a journal written by Women’s Studies in Communication they demonstrate how women politicians are portrayed in news media platforms. Researches Dustin Harp, Jaime Loke, and Ingrid Bachmann, analyzed news portals on Hillary Clinton’s testimony after the attacks made on America in Benghazi, Libya. Researches found that news outlets covered Clinton’s testimony as sex stereotypical by focusing on what Clinton’s emotions were like, her competence level, and her physical appearance. The key methods discussed by researches were concentrated on patterns within the text, assumptions made by writers and how narratives were perceived byShow MoreRelatedUnder Western Eyes : Feminist Scholarship And Colonial Discourses And The Rise Of Ecofeminism As A Development Fable936 Words   |  4 PagesThis critique reflects on Mohanty’s â€Å"Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses† and Moore’s â€Å"The Rise and Rise of Ecofemin ism as a Development Fable: A Response to Melissa Leach’s ‘Earth Mothers and Other Ecofeminist Fables: How a Strategic Notion Rose and Fell.† Both articles raise questions of essentialism as a necessary element in feminism itself, and of naivety, validity and value of essentialized feminist works. 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With this idea in mind, she critically explores the limitless and boundless abilities of female escape works in North America by providing her readers withRead MoreNursing Theo ry652 Words   |  3 PagesNursing journal article review The 2011 article Culturally sensitive collaborative care models: exploration of a community-based health center used bio-psychosocial theory and a feminist ecological framework to embark upon a qualitative study of a nurse-managed community-based health center in the northeast designed to serve an underprivileged population. The study identified barriers and facilitators in communication. It wished to give specific attention to barriers in treatment of African-AmericansRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Theories Of International Politics And Zombies 1419 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis In Daniel W. Drezner’s book, Theories of International Politics and Zombies, Drezner explores the theoretical impact a zombie apocalypse would have on international relations. In his exploration of ideas, Drezner analyzes the approaches of different types of feminism disciplines to a zombie apocalypse. The two feminist ideas he explores are liberal feminism and post structuralist feminism. Drezner however, ignores the idea of a radical feminist approach in a critical time such as a zombieRead MoreSocialist Feminist Criticism1164 Words   |  5 PagesSocialist Feminist Criticism: You Dropped the Bomb on Me, Baby Feminism and gender studies have been described as having the ability to challenge literary and culture theory to confront the difficult task of assimilating the findings of an expanding sphere of inquiry (Contemporary Literary Criticism 567). This area of study has taken center stage during the last fifty years, not only in our society, but also in literary criticism. Although the terrain Feminism traverses can hardly be narrowedRead More A Brief Overview of Feminism Essay563 Words   |  3 Pagesbased on male dominance and subsequent female subordination. Although feminist literary writings began to gain popularity in the 20th century, feminist characters have been around for ages. â€Å"Feminist criticism’s self transformations over the past several decades as it engages with both critiques from within and encounters from without- encounters with psychoanalysis, Marxism, Post-Structuralisms, ethnic studies, post-colonial theory, and lesbian and gay studies- have produc ed a complex proliferationRead MoreFeminism And Criminology871 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, I will set out to uncover the impact of feminist approaches within criminology. It will demonstrate how these theoretical perspectives have changed our opinion on women as victims, as well as criminals themselves. By exploration of taboo subjects such as the danger of prostitution looking into how it can prove problematic for feminism. In addition to the labelling of domestic violence, whilst uncovering a variety of key theorists and perspectives. Feminism is crucial to the study ofRead MoreWomen s Roles Of Reproduction1466 Words   |  6 PagesFeminists argued that women’s roles of reproduction and social attachments in the domestic sphere constituted an economy and class of its own. This was based on the role of motherhood and unpaid work at home. Millett (1969) contended in Sexual Politics for the existence of women’s sexuality that was detached from the motherhood a nd marriage obligations. Conversely, other lesbian authors such as Audre Lorde and Adrienne Rich utilized writing, speeches, and poetry in linking women’s oppression andRead MoreFeminist Psychology Can Credit The Majority Of Its Influences Of The Women s Rights Movement1295 Words   |  6 PagesFeminist psychology can credit the majority of its influences of the women’s rights movement of the 60’s. Since this movement was classified as grassroots, no one has been credited as an originator or founder of this particular theory. Feminists attempted to collect elements of multiple successful psychological theories but attempted to eliminate any sexist aspects of those theories. The primary focus is on guiding women in confidence, communication, self-worth, and interactions. Feminist therapyRead MoreThe Contribution Made by Feminist Sociologists to the Study of the Family1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe Contribution Made by Feminist Sociologists to the Study of th e Family Feminists stress that gender is a major feature of family living, they argue that it should be recognised that families contain both men and women and that gender often has a profound impact on the ways in which the individuals actually experience and understand living in families. They highlighted patriarchy and a need for change and womens independence. However there are a variety of feminisms

Essay on US Constitution - 992 Words

â€Å"While the authors of the United States Constitution are frequently portrayed as noble and idealistic statesmen who drafted a document based upon their conception of good government, reality is that the constitution reflects the politics of the drafting and ratification process. Unfortunately, the result is a document that is designed to produce an ineffective government, rather than a government that can respond to issues in a timely fashion.† In support of this conclusion, the issues of slavery, The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, and the civil rights struggle keenly demonstrate the ways in which our constitution hinders the expediency and effectiveness of America’s government. The constitution’s provisions towards voting eligibility and†¦show more content†¦The constitution details, â€Å"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state†¦and each senator shall have one vote.† This equal representation a long with careful maintenance of regional balance in the Senate allowed for Southern states to retain their national veto over slavery. Lastly, the constitution’s allowance for the establishment of the Supreme Court that could, with a single decision, overturn years worth of legislation provided a monumental setback. In the court case Dred Scott v. Sandford, the court ruled that the federal government did not retain the power to prevent slavery in the territories. Although slavery was eventually abolished by the fourteenth amendment, the long struggle and numerous constitutional roadblocks demonstrate how a number of provisions within the constitution hindered the ability of the national government to efficiently overcome a national concern. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 1906 Earthquake in San Francisco also exemplifies the way in which the constitution impedes government action. After hearing a short report regarding the earthquake, President Roosevelt sent a telegram to the California governor, expressing his sympathy and offering national assistance. The governor replied that state troops were handling the disaster and that if federal aid was needed, it would be promptly requested. What followed this disaster were continuing coordinationShow MoreRelatedThe Us Constitution1758 Words   |  8 Pagesavailable, etc.). Be sure to integrate what you find with what you are learning in your text and other readings and supplement it with additional research. ALSO, as September 17th is Constitution Day, I want you to reflect on this and comment on it in your forums for this week. The preamble of the US Constitution directs the Federal Government to promote the general welfare....secure the blessings of liberty. ..and protect ourselves and our posterity. When thinking about our obligation toRead More The US Constitution Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe US Constitution states â€Å"We The People of the United states in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic Tranquility, provide for more common defense, promote the General Welfare, and secure the blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.† The main purpose of the U.S Constitution is to establish the basic rights of all American Citizens. This follows that every United States CitizensRead MoreThe Creation Of The Us Constitution1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe creation of the US constitution was prompted my many different things going on. What established America’s national government and fundamental laws is the U.S constitution. It also guarantees basic rights for its citizens. The U.S constitution was signed on September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pa. The first document before the U.S constitution was the Articles of Confederation, with that the government wasn’t very strong and the states didn’t act like they do today. In 1787, at the 1787 conventionRead MoreThe US Constitution Essays1703 Words   |  7 Pages33:22; â€Å"For the Lord is our judge, the Lord is our lawgiver, the Lord is our king; He will save us.† http://www.eadshome.com/QuotesoftheFounders.htm The founding fathers of the American Constitution divided the government up into the following three branches to prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist; legislative, judicial, and executive. The three braches were created by the Constitution: Article 1, Legislative branch made up of the House and the Senate, collectively known as Congress;Read MoreEssay on US Constitution870 Words   |  4 Pages Transformed beyond recognition from the vision of the Founding Fathers’. Discuss this view of the modern US constitution. On March 4th 1789 the constitution of the United States of America came into effect. Derived from the visions of seven political leaders and statesmen and consisting of only seven articles, the US constitution would become the first of its kind, the bedrock of democracy and lay the foundations for democratic political systems across the world. Since 1789, America has progressedRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Us Constitution1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthe US Constitution. The Declaration of Independence marked the birth of our republic and set forth our â€Å"unalienable rights† to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Later, the Constitution outlined our style of government and defined the rights that are protected from intrusion by government. These documents have been a beacon to all men and women who value freedom. They are just as meaningful now as when they were written. As the American statesman Henry Clay said, â€Å"The Constitution of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Us Constitution 1347 Words   |  6 PagesFBI background check system, (Ellen Nakashima; Washington Post) and commit this act of racial violence. â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.† The US Constitution, written in 1787, asserts that it is essential for a Free State citizen to bear arms. However, recent acts such as mass shootings, intercity violence and accidental gun shootings, have enlightened the controversy of the issue. The United StatesRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Us Constitution979 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States has governed with two constitutions, the Articles of Confederation and the US Constitution. The Articles of Confederation was the first attempt of forming a legal government from March 1, 1781 to March 4, 1789. There were many problems as the articles became to take effect so it was replaced with the US Constitution in June 21, 1788. The Articles of Confederation failed because of its weaknesses which were that â€Å"each state regardless of its size, had one vote in congress.†(JandaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Nevada And Us Constitutions1883 Words   |  8 PagesAn Analysis of the Nevada and US Constitutions and Government Structures Denisse Bustillos, 5432 PSC 101 Introduction to American Government and Politics Fall 2014 Section number: 101-1003 88311 Professor: William Eric Davis Ph.D. Author Note This assignment represents my own work. It is not a recycled assignment from another course and it has not been purchased, borrowed, or obtained from another source. Nor has any part of it been plagiarized. I did not include sections written by or summarizedRead MoreThe Process Of Amending The Us Constitution1759 Words   |  8 Pages1. The process of amending the US Constitution is an intentionally difficult one. Yet those in each branch of government have found ways in which the Constitution can be changed informally. Describe the methods, both formal and informal, of constitutional change. Article V of the Constitution was formed through a compromise that stated that congress or a convention of states has amendment power. This is known as the formal process, in which two steps are utilized: proposal and ratification. Any

The requirements for the perfectly competitive market Free Essays

The modern business environment is characterized by an intense level of competitiveness. While this may not be good for the suppliers of products and services in the short-term, it is certainly good for the consumers because a high level of competition reduces the level of prices so that consumers can enhance their standards of living with the same purchasing power that they had before. The requirements for the perfectly competitive market are related to the number of suppliers in the market, barriers to entry in that market, economies of scale, mobility of resources and homogeneous products. We will write a custom essay sample on The requirements for the perfectly competitive market or any similar topic only for you Order Now The market is recognized as perfectly competitive when the conditions related to these five aspects have been fulfilled. Therefore a perfectly competitive market is characterized by a large number of suppliers, elimination of barriers to entry in that market, no significant economies of scale, mobility of resources and the homogeneousness of competing products and services. The Anti-trust law ensures that in every industry these conditions are maintained so that competitiveness is not compromised. As mentioned before, competition is not good for the suppliers of products and services. This is because competition forces them to constantly reengineer their operations in order to reduce the cost of production or the cost of providing services. As a result, they have to constantly innovate on their product lines whether it is in terms of differentiation or cost leadership. In respect of both differentiation and cost-leadership, efficiency in resource allocation is created. In the perfectly competitive market, the suppliers have to ensure that they can get the maximum from investing the minimum. However competition also forces them to maintain the level of quality in their products and services. Since a large number of suppliers operate in a perfectly competitive market, consumers will immediately boycott the supplier who is offering low quality and they will migrate to other suppliers. In this manner, competition creates the framework for maximum efficiency in what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. That is why the anti-trust law has been formulated to correct departures from the perfectly competitive market. When competitiveness has been compromised, it means that there is one firm which has more power than its competitors. In this case, there is the possibility of inefficiency in the form of the monopolistic firm offering lower quality products at higher prices because consumers do not have choices in this matter. The anti-trust law ensures that such inefficiencies do not occur. References McConnell, Campbell R., and Stanley L Brue. Macroeconomics. South western college pub. 2007. Â   How to cite The requirements for the perfectly competitive market, Papers

Romanticism Versus Realism free essay sample

Romanticism, an artistic movement, flourished in America with its unique artistic style, use of creativity and imagination, and idealization of the setting or characters. Equally as popular, realism described life objectively and without idealization. These two movements were demonstrated in various works of literature. Edgar Allen Poes The Pit and the Pendulum is a work of romanticism as opposed to Ambrose Bierces An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge which is a work of realism. Poes The Pit and the Pendulum is a short story focused on the dark atmosphere of a prisoner aptured by the Spanish Inquisition. In the beginning of the story, Poe sets the mood with foreboding sentences, allowing the reader to feel the hopelessness and despair of the protagonist: l was sick†sick unto death with that long agony felt my senses leaving me. The sentence†the dread sentence of death†was the last of distinct accentuation which reached my ears (292). We will write a custom essay sample on Romanticism Versus Realism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The language illustrated in the first few sentences The setting in Poes story is overstated with its gothic-like dungeon. After hat, the sound of the inquisitorial voices seemed merged in one dreamy indeterminate hum I saw the lips of the black-robed Judges. They appeared to me white†whiter than the sheet upon which I trace these words†and thin even to grotesqueness In this excerpt, Poe tell of the mans condemnation at the hand of these Judges. Through his description, Poe is able to illustrate the horror of the situation through the description of the Judges. The black they wear and their pale complexion can represent death. As the narrator awakens in the dark, disgusting prison, the mystery of the story is illustrated. The vibration of the pendulum was at right angles to my length. I saw that the screscent was designed to cross the region of my heart. It would fray the serge of my robe†it would return and reapeat its operation†again†and again Down†steadily down it crept Down†certainly, relentlessly down Down†still unceasingly†still inevitably down! l slid from the embrace of the bandage and beyond the reach of the scimitar. For the moment, as least, I was free. At this point in the story, the suspense is at its peak. The protagonist is about to meet his imminent death, Similar to other romantic works of literature, the story often ends with happily ever after. Poes story is no exception. As the story reaches its final paragraphs, the protagonist is at the brink of his death when a hand catches him: l felt that I tottered upon the brink†I averted my eyes An outstretched arm caught my own as I fell. , fainting into the abyss. It was that of General Lassale. The French army had entered Toledo. The Inquisition was in the hands of its enemies (304). He is saved. An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge can be easily identified as a work of realism. Rather than an idealized character, Peyton Fraguhar resembles an average person, a common characteristic of realism. Bierce also A man stood upon a railroad bridge in northern Alabama A rope closely encircled his neck Some loose boards laid upon the sleepers supporting the metals of the railway supplied a footing for him and his executioners Immediately, Bierce begins to establish the setting in the beginning of the story as realistic. As opposed to Poes dark, gothic-like setting, Bierces context is relatively normal. Peyton Farquhar was dead; his body, with a broken neck, swung gently from side to side beneat n the timbers ot the Owl Creek bridge . The basic ideas ot romanticism are exemplified in Poes short story, The Pit and the Pendelum. Likewise, the basic ideas of realism are exemplified in Bierces An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.

Two Weeks Notice free essay sample

Two weeks notice Bullock plays Lucy Kelson, a committed left-wing attorney with an immaculate Ivy League background who fights the good fight against the heartless developers of lower Manhattan and the outer boroughs. Complications ensue when she finds herself working for one such figure, George Wade (Grant) in exchange for his preserving a Coney Island landmark near her childhood home. Wades not a bad guy, but hes frightfully dependent on Lucy for everything. When it seems possible she might at last get clear of him, she begins to have second thoughts about letting him go. The Movie Two Weeks Notice stares Saundra Bullock and Hugh Grant premiered in December of 2002. The movie follows a mix match relationship between a strong willed, save the community lawyer named Lucy Kelson, played by Sandra Bullock, and a high status business man, George Wade, played by Hugh Grant. The two in the beginning seem completely different but when Lucy goes to work for George, to keep him from knocking down the neighborhood community center, she realizes how needy he was, and how much she couldnt stand it. When Lucy gives George two weeks notice, George realizes that she is an asset to his company. After much arguing she finally gets out and then they both realize that theyve fallen in love with each other. Since they were too stubborn to admit it, it took a huge argument in the employee lounge to get them to let their guards down. Writer and first time Director, Marc Lawrences Two Weeks Notice is a charming, smart, and genuinely funny romantic comedy with terrific performances by Sandra Bullock and Hugh Grant. This a great movie. Inherent in romantic comedies is a degree of predictibility. Two Weeks Notice follows formula, but Lawrence orchestrates enough curves, character insight, and human resonance to make it more than just formula. He also has the great chemistry of Bullock and Grant this is their medium. Sandra Bullock plays Lucy Kelson, a Harvard educated activist lawyer, who is hired by George Wade (Hugh Grant)a handsome, charming, and seemingly shallow multi-millionaire develo per. George hires Lucy as chief legal counsel for Wade Corp. , for $250 K, because his brother Howard (David Haig), the true captain of Wade Corp. requested George hire an attorney who did not attend Bimbo U. Lucy swallows her idealism and poverty, because George also promises to protect her parents community center. Lucy is smart and not intentionally funny, and soon becomes Georges right and left arm he cant to anything without her consult. This only amplifies that Lucy has no life or rather any relationships of merit other than with George. Lucy gives George her Two Weeks Notice. Credit Lawrence and company, when George finally accepts Lucys resignation, it is crystal regarding the unspoken relationship of the two. Wink. Wink. Two Weeks never insults our intelligence, however, it makes us await for an hour and a half. Along with wit and humor Lawrence, Bullock, and Grant provide a a very human touch that resonates throughout the movie. In a very well done scene on the rooftop of Lucys parents New York apartment, Lucy shares with George that she never lived upto her mothers expectations. George says that is different from people having no expectations. This is where movie transforms beyond the opposites attract story. It makes sense of Lucys need to be perfect, and the man that George could be that he is well aware of. In its own light hearted way, Two Weeks looks at where you sell out, where do you become a whore (but in a nice way), and where do you take a stand. And taking a stand is never easy even in a romantic comedy, though it sometimes takes longer. Sandra Bullock and Hugh Grant are magic together. They are both smart and their characters are also. Grant as George is charming, witty, and playing someone who has honor and substance that are dimissed by all except Lucy (Bullock). Grant is masterful at hinting at a depth of character. Sandra Bullock is beautiful, smart, and funny as Lucy. She also stretches herself when Lucy drunkenly braggs about her sexual prowess bobcat pretsel thing. Bullock lends compassion and a whacky sensibilty to Lucy who scares men off by being too smart and too perfect, but still not good enough for her mother. Her Lucy only gets a clue when she hires her replacement (a good Alicia Witt) she is in love with George. The exchanges between Grant and Bullock are so natural like conversation, spoken and unspoken. At one point in the movie, Lucy has a breakfast conversation with her Dad (a goofy and wise Robert Klein). She asks him What if people dont change? The point is they will or they dont. Kind of like loving someone is accepting them for who they are and for who they are not. Be open to surprises. Marc Lawrences Two Weeks Notice is an excellent surprise. He along with Bullock and Grant have made a classic romantic comedy and more. Hugh Grant plays George Wade, a property developer who hires Lucy Kelson (Sandra Bullock) as his Chief Counsel. Sick of calls in the middle of the night and appalled at being called away from a wedding just to help her boss decide what to wear for a particular occasion, Lucy gives George two weeks notice. ‘Two Weeks Notice is little more than a predictable romantic comedy and it is only a matter of time before George and Lucy realise that they have fallen for each other. How the film turns out is obvious, but this will not spoil your enjoyment of it. Sandra Bullock fails to convince as a successful lawyer and businesswoman but she is able to convey a vulnerability which makes the audience warm to her. Like her character in ‘While You Were Sleeping, Lucy is a lonely individual. When she is at home she comfort eats Chinese food, always ordering just for one. There are also no surprises with Hugh Grants character as he is much the same as any of his other romantic roles i. e. very likeable and charming. The film succeeds purely because of the actors likeability and the on-screen chemistry between Hugh Grant and Sandra Bullock who are both gifted comedic actors. There are also enough good lines and funny situations to keep you chuckling throughout

Apply The Budget Surplus To Science Essays - Fiscal Policy

Apply The Budget Surplus To Science Essays - Fiscal Policy Apply The Budget Surplus To Science For years, everyone has opined on what to do with the budget surplus: fund new educational programs, cut taxes, and so on. Science needs the money. In some technologies, we are beginning to fall behind other countries. We must not allow this to happen. Everyone reaps the benefits of science; increasing funding for research programs would only enhance these benefits. Where would the United States be today without science? Science is a big part of our economy, but today most research and development occur in the private sector. Why has the government cut spending? Because they know that the private sector will do the work. Money motivates the private sector to perform research; when profitability wanes in a certain area, research by the private sector also declines. Kenneth Brown asserts that private firms often focus on their own product rather than work on a broader understanding of science. Should Uncle Sam allow such a deficiency in research? Increased government spending in science would produce a greater breadth and depth of knowledge. You may ask yourself: why is this important? As the world leader in virtually everything, it is imperative for the US to lead the world in science also. Not only for defense reasons, but also to keep pace with other countries so no country can monopolize a scientific breakthrough. Would we want Japan or Russia to come up with a cure for AIDS and have to purchase the knowledge from them? The US needs to lead the world in science; to maintain this position we must apply the budget surplus to federal science research programs.

Free Essays on L eonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest inventor-scientist of recorded history. His genius was unbounded by time and technology, and was driven by his insatiable curiosity, and his intuitive sense of the laws of nature. Da Vinci was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, and his insightful contributions to science and technology were legendary. As the archetypical Renaissance man, Leonardo helped set an ignorant and superstitious world on a course of reason, science, learning, and tolerance. He was an internationally renowned inventor, scientists, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologists, biologist, and philosopher in his time. Born in 1452 as an illegitimate son of Ser piero da Vinci, da Vinci was sent to Florence in his teens to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Verrocchio. He quickly developed his own artistic style which was unique and contrary to tradition, even going so far as to devised his own special formula of paint. His style was characterized by diffuse shadows and subtle hues and marked the beginning of the High Renaissance period. Like many great original efforts, da Vinci's artistic style was largely unpopular for the next quarter century. Later Da Vinci became the court artist for the duke of Milan. Throughout his life he also served various other roles, including civil engineer and architect (designing mechanical structures such as bridges and aqueducts), and military planner and weapons designer (designing rudimentary tanks, catapults, machine guns, and even navel weapons). Da Vinci's creative, analytic, and visionary inventiveness has yet to be matched.... Free Essays on L eonardo da Vinci Free Essays on L eonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest inventor-scientist of recorded history. His genius was unbounded by time and technology, and was driven by his insatiable curiosity, and his intuitive sense of the laws of nature. Da Vinci was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, and his insightful contributions to science and technology were legendary. As the archetypical Renaissance man, Leonardo helped set an ignorant and superstitious world on a course of reason, science, learning, and tolerance. He was an internationally renowned inventor, scientists, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologists, biologist, and philosopher in his time. Born in 1452 as an illegitimate son of Ser piero da Vinci, da Vinci was sent to Florence in his teens to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Verrocchio. He quickly developed his own artistic style which was unique and contrary to tradition, even going so far as to devised his own special formula of paint. His style was characterized by diffuse shadows and subtle hues and marked the beginning of the High Renaissance period. Like many great original efforts, da Vinci's artistic style was largely unpopular for the next quarter century. Later Da Vinci became the court artist for the duke of Milan. Throughout his life he also served various other roles, including civil engineer and architect (designing mechanical structures such as bridges and aqueducts), and military planner and weapons designer (designing rudimentary tanks, catapults, machine guns, and even navel weapons). Da Vinci's creative, analytic, and visionary inventiveness has yet to be matched....

In what ways does the Ara Pacis Augustae reflect Augustus' vision of a Research Paper

In what ways does the Ara Pacis Augustae reflect Augustus' vision of a Roman 'golden age' - Research Paper Example The reconstructed Ara Pacis now stands within a large, reinforced glass and concrete shelter, also the work of Mussolini’s architects, designed to protect it from the elements and pollution(1). Marble surfaces of the box—shaped Ara Pacis are covered with relief sculpture carved in white marble. The artists are unknown, but the level of craftsmanship is exceptionally high, ending archaeologists to suggest that they may have been Greeks, or at least Greek—trained artists(2). As with much ancient Greek sculpture, Reliefs were originally painted, which would have made the stand out much more clearly than they do now. 1. Rehak,P.’Aene or Numa? Rethinking the meaning of the Ara Pacis Agustae’, The Art Bulletin, Vol.83,(2001),pp.190-208. 2. Conlin, Diane Atnally. The artists of the Ara Pacis:the process of Hellenization in Roman relief sculptures(Chapel Hill, 1997). Fig: Ara Pacis Original Frontal View (13-9 B.C) Source http://www.vroma.org Fig.: Present s tatus of Ara Pacis after some modification Source http://www.vroma.org Physically weak and plagued by ill health, Agustus was only eighteen years old when Julius Caesar's assassination thrust him, as his uncle's chief heir and adopted son, into the forefront of the subsequent political and military turmoil. He outmaneuvered and outfought rivals such as Cassius, Brutus, Lepidus, Mark Anthony, and Cleopatra. Augustus embodied and represented the tremendous currents that transformed Rome from a small Italian city situated on the Tiber River to a powerful empire that bestrode the known world as no other colossus ever had. Augustus was astute and artful enough to balance republican traditions with imperial realities, skillfully maintaining the delicate facade to achieve his goals, so that, late in life, he could rightfully claim it(3). In general, the Augustan system worked fairly well, in fact, it lasted more than 200 years. It provided a material and political base of cultural achievem ent that rivaled the Greeks under Pericles(3). This is the age of the Pax Romana, the Roman Peace. But the Augustan reforms were not limited to political, economic and social issues alone. They also envisioned a fundamental change in Roman culture itself. Augustus tried to turn Rome into a world capital and taught the Romans to identify their destiny with the destiny of all mankind. They were the chosen people who would bring peace and stability to a violent and changing world. The transformation which he tried into Rome was not only administrative or political but it was fundamental change in cultural foundation of the city which he wanted to make as world capital. 3. http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture12b.html The upper panels on the short front and back walls, the location of the two doorways to the sanctuary, show four scenes from Roman history and religion. All but one are in a poor state of preservation. On the front are the fragments of two scenes from the most ancien t history of Rome: on the right Aeneas Sacrificing to Penates (4)(ancestral household gods) and on the left the god Mars with Romulus and Remus. Both scenes concern legendary founders of the Roman state. Aeneas, a hero of from Troy (celebrated in Virgil’s epic poem, the Aeneid, commissioned by Augustus), was regarded as the first settler on Italian shores. Romulus and Remus, the twin sons of Mars who were nursed by the-wolf were the founders of the city. The two ceremonial processions on the longer side

Marketing paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing - Research Paper Example 9 Important similarities 9 Do you think SustainU should offer its products direct to consumer (i.e. online, have their own branded retail stores) or partner with retailers to sell their products on their behalf...or both? Why? If you choose to partner with existing retailers, name a few examples you would recommend they partner with and why. 11 Recommend a key message (tagline, campaign slogan or potential marketing theme for a campaign) SustainU should consistently integrate. Would you use one of their existing messages such as "Change Your Clothes. Change Your World" or "Wear a Better Story" or something else (200) 12 Key message 12 Come up with and describe a PR "stunt" to attract awareness towards SustainU's business and messages. 13 Public Relation Stunt 13 Focusing on SustainU's website, recommend the sales promotions you would use and why (contest? sweepstakes? coupon code? etc.) 14 Recommend sales promotion 14 Qualities important for sales people. What makes SustainU's approa ch different than a stereotypical sales pitch? 15 16 Reference 17 . SustainU Product Depth and Breadth Recycled Apparels Alpha Wiki Vital Hybrid Zealot Uriel Zip The recycled apparel is the company’s product breadth and depth comprises of Alpha Wiki, vital, Hybrid, Zealot and Uriel Zip (SustainU, â€Å"Products†). The suggested product line for SustainU is Shoes and bags. Make suggestions for added product lines and/or product categories SustainU can add more on its product line and categories. The company deals with recycled apparel which proves to be beneficial for the environment, therefore the company can come up some more product lines like skirts, trousers, shirts both in formal as well casual. SustainU deals in recycled apparels particularly pull over and t shirts, thus it can extend its product line which would help to create an eco friendly environment. Evaluate SustainU's branding components The mission and goal of SustainU is to make a change in the way clot hes are made so to improve the environment, reinvigorate the manufacturing sector of America and educate the world that clothing can impact the lives in a positive way. Thus the tagline of SustainU suits its goal and mission which says ‘Change your clothes. Change the world’. The brand name ‘SustainU’ in the context of recycle would mean to sustain the environment and the color green in its logo depicts the company’s goal and mission. The logo is the alphabet S, maybe the initial of SustainU with green and black embedded on it. The black color may symbolize that the environment is getting polluted, and green a symbol of live with their recycled clothing. Thus the current branding strategy suits its mission and goal. The logo can be revised a bit which would help to create awareness about its recycled apparel, also the company can go for mascot, with the color green on it depicting to save the environment and its safe wearing SustainU apparel. This wa y the company would be able to generate awareness about its recycled apparel not only in America but to the world as such. Recommend a new product for SustainU and explain your reasoning behind this recommendation Recommendation SustainU can extend its product line by producing recycled shoes and bags. Shoes are required by all

Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views

Current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views Abstract This objective of this research paper is mainly to better understand the current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views. Online articles, journals, encyclopedia and books were used for reference in this research paper. In essence, this research paper generally touches on the pros and cons of animal experimentation. Supporters of animal testing claim that this helps the development of important drugs and treatments which in turn saves millions of valuable human lives. Additionally, animal testing is employed to save human lives because human lives are more valuable than animal lives. Valuable knowledge can be obtained through animal experimentation to study the effects of a substance. This work will contribute to people who are interested to know more about animal testing and future research of similar topic. Animal Testing 1.0 Introduction The Greeks believed that animals were a lesser form of life because animals could not think like humans did. Furthermore, this thought was continued by Christians who claimed that animals were less significant because they had no soul (Vivisection, 2002). Animal testing is the use of live animals for research in order to better understand the effect of certain substances towards human health. This application has been widely carried out in many industries. Numerous animals have been used for animal testing, such as guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and mice. The issue of animal testing has become a worldwide focus these days due to arguments brought up by those who are against animal experimentation. Unquestionably, the practice of animal experimentation has increased tremendously compared to the past. According to Shandilya (2008), it is estimated that 20 million animals are used for animal experimentation yearly for the purpose of medicine and for testing other products. Findings from studies indicate that less than 10 percent of pure psychological researches use animals as test subjects, which do not include animal subjects used for cross-over medical experimentation ( American Psychological Association, n.d., cited in Harding, L. , 2001). However, there are some who state that animal experiments are cruel and immoral, besides violating an animals rights. This has caused many individuals to agree with the movements of anti-vivisection organisations due to brutal treatment towards animals. Although there are laws regarding animal testing enforcing the reduction in the use of animals for vivisection, opponents of animal experimenting are still debating about the subject of legalizing it. If we view this subject from a broader perspective, it can be seen that animal testing should be legalized as it aids scientist in the discoveries of new drugs and treatments to make health and medicine better, human life is more precious than that of an animal, and it is the most precise way to find out the effects of substances on a living organism. This research paper will explain why animal testing should be legalized. Research findings are confined to the United States of America, since the subject of animal testing is highly debated there and the progress of this issue in the US is relative to other countries. 2.0 Body of Report 2.1 Animal testing helps in the development of drugs and treatments. Currently, humans are often exposed to various diseases which are life threatening, which includes existing diseases or new forms of diseases due to mutations and changes in the environment. Hence, researchers are working hard in finding cures for all these illnesses. From here, it can be seen that animal testing is essential in the sustenance of human health. Animals will be used to study the effect of newly invented drugs, whether it will help in curing the disease. Speaking of the positive outcomes of animal testing, this includes the development of new medicine and treatments. Derbyshire (2004) mentioned that many medical advances utilized animal testing; including production of insulin which was developed using dogs, and cyclosporine, a potent anti-rejection drug developed using primates. Besides this, discoveries of various vaccines have evolved through animal experimentation. From here, it can be seen that animal testing can guide us to discoveries of new knowledge about living organisms. Many drugs have been invented to fulfill the aim of remedying diseases. However, the side effects of newly invented drugs remain unknown. Therefore, animal testing allows the evaluation of the danger of drugs before being used upon humans which will greatly reduce the risk before any human based trials are carried out ( About Animal Testing, n.d.). Drugs that are tested safe can then be used to save millions of valuable human lives. The future of medical science still relies on animal testing, and this clearly shows a need in legalizing animal testing. There are some people who claim that the effects of drugs tested on animals may not be the same to humans. Arthritis drug Vioxx, which caused 140 000 heart attacks and strokes in United States of America, was withdrawn from the global market even though it appeared to be safe when tested in animals (Archibald, 2004). However, scientists have proven that animals are extremely alike to humans and experiments done on them would produce similar results obtained through future human experiments ( About Animal Testing, n.d.). Hence, carrying out animal testing on drugs would improve the quality of human life indirectly. Therefore, to sum it all up, animal testing should be legalized because it assists researchers in medical treatments besides drugs discovery, improves health and medicine and is able to test the safety of drugs. Alternatives of animal testing are not as plausible as they are not as accurate as the results obtained from tests conducted upon animals. Hence, animal testing should be encouraged instead of being suppressed. 2.2 The importance of human lives is given priority over animal lives. Differences existing between humans and animals cause animals to receive treatments which are different and unequal although both of them are alive. As animals differ from humans as they do not have conscience, they are considered inferior to humans when it comes to the value of life. Seeing that the lives of humans are viewed as more valuable than animal lives, animals will have to be sacrificed in animal experimentation. The pros and cons of animal testing were debated with both sides being able to produce solid reasons for their stands. From the view of sentiency, it is mentioned that all living things are morally equivalent. However, the lives of humans are superior over the lives of animals (Garner, 2005). Authorities have to make a choice between the welfare of humans and the welfare of animals. Which one is more important, the life of a human or the life of an animal? As Archibald (2004) points out, most people are willing to sacrifice the lives of animal in animal testing to save human lives. Even though human welfare is the main concern, the welfare of an animal is still taken into account by minimizing the suffering of animals when conducting animal experimentations. The Animal Welfare Act had been formed and reviewed constantly to protect animals and decrease the number of vivisections carried out (Monamy, 2000). Every experiment involving the usage of animals is normally administered with anesthesia . In conjunction with this, the experiments will not be repeated or animals used will be euthanized when brutal treatment is involved. Animal testing can be accepted as it allows the improvement of human life quality without the suffering of animals (Garner, 2005). Those who are against animal testing argued that animals have the right to live peacefully. Animal testing is regarded as unkind treatment towards animals as it violates animal rights as their lives are valuable as well (Le Fanu, 2003). Nevertheless, their arguments are weak because animals lack the sense of judgment, and therefore are not subjected to moral claims and animal rights (Cohen, 1986). Hence, they cannot be compared with human life. As long as the animal is experimented upon without pain, the welfare of the animal is not violated. Therefore, it is acceptable to legalize the activity of animal testing as human life should be prioritized. Although there are many who are against animal experimentation, the points asserted are not strong enough to discontinue the activity of animal testing. Supporters of animal testing affirm that animals should not have equal rights with humans as both of these cannot be compared. Animals lack the sense of judgment, thus human lives always come first before animal lives. Animals are considered to be protected as long as animals receive minimum amount of suffering. So animal testing should be legalized in order to save more human lives. 2.3 Animal testing is helpful for studying the effects of substances. Many new chemical substances are produced every year to meet the demand of the global market such as in agriculture, medicine and cosmetic products. The credits should be given to animal testing. The effect of that particular substance has been studied to produce countless helpful products. This can increase the longevity of humans besides improving the human standard of living. By conducting experiments on animals, the researcher can gain invaluable information from the living specimen. Winston (2006) mentioned that 70% of the Nobel prizes for physiology or medicine are contributed from animal testing. Hence, it is clearly shown that by performing researches on animals by studying the effects of a substance can bring a huge impact upon the world. The discovery of knowledge will be delayed or remain undiscovered if animal testing is not carried out. As stated by Le Fanu (2003), primates offer the best experimental models as they have 99% similarity in genes with humans. Animal testing can be carried out on primates to ensure the safety of some drugs before being tested on humans. The chance for both organisms exhibiting the same effect is high due to the similarity of their genes. This in turn can reduce the risks faced by humans when commencing the trials. Hence, animals are good tools for learning the effects of various substances. In spite of this, people who are in opposition to animal testing argue that it must not be legalized just because animal experimentation leads to medical breakthroughs and the outcome is more rewarding. This statement is insufficient to justify the drawbacks of animal testing (Derbyshire, 2004). On the other hand, it is proven that the beneficial outcome outweighs its drawbacks, so it is rational to legalize the activity of animal testing. Without studying the effects of substances using animal testing, most of the major vaccines against disease like polio, rubella and hepatitis B used today would not exist (Derbyshire, 2004). New drugs undergo in vitro research, computer modeling and animal testing before being tested on humans. Thus, every step is vital in this process of studying the effects before a drug is introduced into the market. In short, the effects of a substance can be study by carrying out animal testing which can provide invaluable information besides the anatomy of some animals are similar to humans. Even though animal experimentation its disadvantages, there are still many benefits that can gain by carrying out animal testing. Thus, legalization of animal testing must be accepted. Moreover, it can be a good tool for education and research purposes. 3.0 Recommendation Normally, the usage of animals for animal testing delineated as cruelty towards animals and should not be legalized. However, it is impossible to ban the practice of animal experimentation due to the benefits brought by animal research towards mankind. Animal testing is a noble action to sustain the welfare of humans. Since the practice of animal testing cannot be stopped, the welfare of animals can only be protected by another approach. The principle of Three Rs, that is refinement, reduction and replacement can be practiced. The researchers are pledged to reduce the number of animals used when performing a research. To use the least number of resources to obtain the fastest results, researchers have the tendency of using a smaller number of animals during their research. This is an act that showed the willingness of mankind to reduce the cruelty towards the animals. Besides this, scientists were asked to lessen the degree of suffering of the animal. This can be attained by exclude some needless harmful actions involving the animals. Lastly, alternative methods should be used whenever possible to replace the usage of animal testing (Derbyshire, 2006). For instance, the welfare of animals can be secured by doing so. The practice of animal experimentation should compromise between the welfare of humans and animals so that harmony can be achieved. Animal experimentation still can be practiced, and the laws should be strictly enforced so that it is not violated by irresponsible people. 4.0 Conclusion Due to the increased usage of animal testing, the issue of animal experimentation is getting highly debated and remains relentless. After examining several points, it has revealed that animal testing should be legalized as it helps in the progress of medicine and health, human life is more valuable than animal life, and helps to learn the outcome of a substance on a living organism. Day by day, anti-vivisectionists try to rule out animal testing by looking at this issue from the animals point of view. Concurrently, supporters of animal experimentation were able to refute their arguments, by claiming the welfare of humans should always come first before animals. They viewed the subject of animal testing from a broader perspective and the long term advantages that come from animal experimentation. Life is never perfect, some sacrifices have to make to achieve success for a better future. Nonetheless, animal research should be carried out as its advantages are more significant than the disadvantages. Bibliography About Animal Testing, (n.d.), Using Animals for Testing: Pros Versus Cons? viewed 27th March 2010, d http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/using-animals-testing-pros-versus-cons.html Archibald,K. (2004), Animal Testing: Science or Fiction? viewed 5 February 2010, http://gan.ca/lifestyle/animal+testing/articles+on+animal+research/index.en.html Cohen, C., (1986) †¦ Students Paper: †¦ C., (1986) The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research, The New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 14. 865-69 †¦ http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:Animal_testing †¦ no rights. The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research The New England Journal of Medicine 315, no. 14 (October 2 †¦ †¦ . 865-69, viewed 28th March 2010, http://people. †¦ Students Paper: †¦ http://people.ucalgary.ca/~powlesla/personal/hunting/rights/cohen.txt Derbyshire,S. †¦ http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:Animal_testing †¦ http://www.ucalgary.ca/~powlesla/personal/hunting/rights/cohen.txt Carl Cohen †¦ †¦ Derbyshire,S., (2004) Vivisection: Put human welfare first viewed 5 February 2010, †¦ Students Paper: †¦ February 2010, http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/2468 †¦ http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:Animal_testing †¦ medical purposes. http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/43 †¦ †¦ /printable/2468 Derbyshire, S. , (2006) Tha hard arguments about vivisection viewed 5 February 2010, †¦ Students Paper: †¦ February 2010, http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/printable/223 †¦ http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:Animal_testing †¦ medical purposes. http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/43 †¦ †¦ /printable/223/ Garner,R. , (2005) Animal Ethics, pp129-130, Polity Press, UK Harding, Lauri R.. Animal Experimentation. Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 25 Feb. 2010 . Le Fanu, J. , (2003) Vivisections underdoing-Why animal experiments cannot help humans. Monamy,V. , (2000) Animal Experimentation: A guide to the Issues, pp29-34, Cambridge University Press, UK. Shandilya, R. (2008) Animal Testing Pros viewed 9 February 2010 †¦ Students Paper: †¦ February 2010 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-pros.html Vivisection. UXL †¦ http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:Animal_testing †¦ better understood. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-pros.html [13] [ /en †¦ †¦ Vivisection. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 26 Feb. 2010 . Winston,R. , (2006) The shame of our silence viewed 27 February 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/may/31/animalwelfare.highereducation 2% http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:Animal_testing 1% http://socyberty.com/issues/why-animals-cannot-have-rights/ 1% http://ca.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080703061440AA4Sdcf 1% http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:Vegetarianism 1% http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080703161238AAuxnzy 1% http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080701091210AAbNKPp 0% http://smartgirlpolitics.blogspot.com/2009/07/king-for-country-of-no-substance.html 0% http://blog.peta.org/archives/2008/01/tax_meat_1.php 0% http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3438100671.html 0% http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3438100672.html 0% http://www.spiked-online.com/Printable/0000000CA552.htm 0% http://smartgirlpolitics.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html Abstract This objective of this research paper is mainly to better understand the current situation about the issues of animal experimentation from different views. Online articles, journals, encyclopedia and books were used for reference in this research paper. In essence, this research paper generally touches on the pros and cons of animal experimentation. Supporters of animal testing claim that this helps the development of important drugs and treatments which in turn saves millions of valuable human lives. Additionally, animal testing is employed to save human lives because human lives are more valuable than animal lives. Valuable knowledge can be obtained through animal experimentation to study the effects of a substance. This work will contribute to people who are interested to know more about animal testing and future research of similar topic. ContentsPagesIntroduction1-2Body of Report Animal testing helps in the development of drugs and treatments. The importance of human lives is given priority over animal lives. Animal testing is helpful for studying the effects of substances. 3-4 5-6 7-8Recommendation9Conclusion10Bibliography11-12 Animal Testing 1.0 Introduction The Greeks believed that animals were a lesser form of life because animals could not think like humans did. Furthermore, this thought was continued by Christians who claimed that animals were less significant because they had no soul (Vivisection, 2002). Animal testing is the use of live animals for research in order to better understand the effect of certain substances towards human health. This application has been widely carried out in many industries. Numerous animals have been used for animal testing, such as guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and mice. The issue of animal testing has become a worldwide focus these days due to arguments brought up by those who are against animal experimentation. Unquestionably, the practice of animal experimentation has increased tremendously compared to the past. According to Shandilya (2008), it is estimated that 20 million animals are used for animal experimentation yearly for the purpose of medicine and for testing other products. Findings from studies indicate that less than 10 percent of pure psychological researches use animals as test subjects, which do not include animal subjects used for cross-over medical experimentation ( American Psychological Association, n.d., cited in Harding, L. , 2001). However, there are some who state that animal experiments are cruel and immoral, besides violating an animals rights. This has caused many individuals to agree with the movements of anti-vivisection organisations due to brutal treatment towards animals. Although there are laws regarding animal testing enforcing the reduction in the use of animals for vivisection, opponents of animal experimenting are still debating about the subject of legalizing it. If we view this subject from a broader perspective, it can be seen that animal testing should be legalized as it aids scientist in the discoveries of new drugs and treatments to make health and medicine better, human life is more precious than that of an animal, and it is the most precise way to find out the effects of substances on a living organism. This research paper will explain why animal testing should be legalized. Research findings are confined to the United States of America, since the subject of animal testing is highly debated there and the progress of this issue in the US is relative to other countries. 2.0 Body of Report 2.1 Animal testing helps in the development of drugs and treatments. Currently, humans are often exposed to various diseases which are life threatening, which includes existing diseases or new forms of diseases due to mutations and changes in the environment. Hence, researchers are working hard in finding cures for all these illnesses. From here, it can be seen that animal testing is essential in the sustenance of human health. Animals will be used to study the effect of newly invented drugs, whether it will help in curing the disease. Speaking of the positive outcomes of animal testing, this includes the development of new medicine and treatments. Derbyshire (2004) mentioned that many medical advances utilized animal testing; including production of insulin which was developed using dogs, and cyclosporine, a potent anti-rejection drug developed using primates. Besides this, discoveries of various vaccines have evolved through animal experimentation. From here, it can be seen that animal testing can guide us to discoveries of new knowledge about living organisms. Many drugs have been invented to fulfill the aim of remedying diseases. However, the side effects of newly invented drugs remain unknown. Therefore, animal testing allows the evaluation of the danger of drugs before being used upon humans which will greatly reduce the risk before any human based trials are carried out ( About Animal Testing, n.d.). Drugs that are tested safe can then be used to save millions of valuable human lives. The future of medical science still relies on animal testing, and this clearly shows a need in legalizing animal testing. There are some people who claim that the effects of drugs tested on animals may not be the same to humans. Arthritis drug Vioxx, which caused 140 000 heart attacks and strokes in United States of America, was withdrawn from the global market even though it appeared to be safe when tested in animals (Archibald, 2004). However, scientists have proven that animals are extremely alike to humans and experiments done on them would produce similar results obtained through future human experiments ( About Animal Testing, n.d.). Hence, carrying out animal testing on drugs would improve the quality of human life indirectly. Therefore, to sum it all up, animal testing should be legalized because it assists researchers in medical treatments besides drugs discovery, improves health and medicine and is able to test the safety of drugs. Alternatives of animal testing are not as plausible as they are not as accurate as the results obtained from tests conducted upon animals. Hence, animal testing should be encouraged instead of being suppressed. 2.2 The importance of human lives is given priority over animal lives. Differences existing between humans and animals cause animals to receive treatments which are different and unequal although both of them are alive. As animals differ from humans as they do not have conscience, they are considered inferior to humans when it comes to the value of life. Seeing that the lives of humans are viewed as more valuable than animal lives, animals will have to be sacrificed in animal experimentation. The pros and cons of animal testing were debated with both sides being able to produce solid reasons for their stands. From the view of sentiency, it is mentioned that all living things are morally equivalent. However, the lives of humans are superior over the lives of animals (Garner, 2005). Authorities have to make a choice between the welfare of humans and the welfare of animals. Which one is more important, the life of a human or the life of an animal? As Archibald (2004) points out, most people are willing to sacrifice the lives of animal in animal testing to save human lives. Even though human welfare is the main concern, the welfare of an animal is still taken into account by minimizing the suffering of animals when conducting animal experimentations. The Animal Welfare Act had been formed and reviewed constantly to protect animals and decrease the number of vivisections carried out (Monamy, 2000). Every experiment involving the usage of animals is normally administered with anesthesia . In conjunction with this, the experiments will not be repeated or animals used will be euthanized when brutal treatment is involved. Animal testing can be accepted as it allows the improvement of human life quality without the suffering of animals (Garner, 2005). Those who are against animal testing argued that animals have the right to live peacefully. Animal testing is regarded as unkind treatment towards animals as it violates animal rights as their lives are valuable as well (Le Fanu, 2003). Nevertheless, their arguments are weak because animals lack the sense of judgment, and therefore are not subjected to moral claims and animal rights (Cohen, 1986). Hence, they cannot be compared with human life. As long as the animal is experimented upon without pain, the welfare of the animal is not violated. Therefore, it is acceptable to legalize the activity of animal testing as human life should be prioritized. Although there are many who are against animal experimentation, the points asserted are not strong enough to discontinue the activity of animal testing. Supporters of animal testing affirm that animals should not have equal rights with humans as both of these cannot be compared. Animals lack the sense of judgment, thus human lives always come first before animal lives. Animals are considered to be protected as long as animals receive minimum amount of suffering. So animal testing should be legalized in order to save more human lives. 2.3 Animal testing is helpful for studying the effects of substances. Many new chemical substances are produced every year to meet the demand of the global market such as in agriculture, medicine and cosmetic products. The credits should be given to animal testing. The effect of that particular substance has been studied to produce countless helpful products. This can increase the longevity of humans besides improving the human standard of living. By conducting experiments on animals, the researcher can gain invaluable information from the living specimen. Winston (2006) mentioned that 70% of the Nobel prizes for physiology or medicine are contributed from animal testing. Hence, it is clearly shown that by performing researches on animals by studying the effects of a substance can bring a huge impact upon the world. The discovery of knowledge will be delayed or remain undiscovered if animal testing is not carried out. As stated by Le Fanu (2003), primates offer the best experimental models as they have 99% similarity in genes with humans. Animal testing can be carried out on primates to ensure the safety of some drugs before being tested on humans. The chance for both organisms exhibiting the same effect is high due to the similarity of their genes. This in turn can reduce the risks faced by humans when commencing the trials. Hence, animals are good tools for learning the effects of various substances. In spite of this, people who are in opposition to animal testing argue that it must not be legalized just because animal experimentation leads to medical breakthroughs and the outcome is more rewarding. This statement is insufficient to justify the drawbacks of animal testing (Derbyshire, 2004). On the other hand, it is proven that the beneficial outcome outweighs its drawbacks, so it is rational to legalize the activity of animal testing. Without studying the effects of substances using animal testing, most of the major vaccines against disease like polio, rubella and hepatitis B used today would not exist (Derbyshire, 2004). New drugs undergo in vitro research, computer modeling and animal testing before being tested on humans. Thus, every step is vital in this process of studying the effects before a drug is introduced into the market. In short, the effects of a substance can be study by carrying out animal testing which can provide invaluable information besides the anatomy of some animals are similar to humans